by Eric Yarnell, ND, RH(AHG)
Last updated 25 Feb 2022
This monograph is protected by copyright and is intended only for use by health care professionals and students. You may link to this page if you are sharing it with others in health care, but may not otherwise copy, alter, or share this material in any way. By accessing this material you agree to hold the author harmless for any use of this information.Please donate to help support the extensive amount of time and energy it takes to create and maintain this site. Please donate to help support the extensive amount of time and energy it takes to create and maintain this site.
Table of Contents
Clinical Highlights
Creosote bush is antimicrobial and inflammation modulating.
Creosote bush is very potent, and therefore small doses are used.
Though idiosyncratic liver toxicity may occur extremely rarely, creosote bush is overall very safe.
Creosote bush is very potent, and therefore small doses are used.
Though idiosyncratic liver toxicity may occur extremely rarely, creosote bush is overall very safe.
Larrea tridentata flower (photo copyright E. Yarnell)
|
Larrea tridentata fruit (photo copyright E. Yarnell)
|
Larrea tridentata habit in flower and fruit (photo copyright E. Yarnell)
Clinical Fundamentals
Part Used: the fresh or dried leaf, flower, and fruit are used (if only leaf is available, that is acceptable). The material should have the highly distinctive and very potent odor of creosote bush. The leaves should be bright green and the flowers yellow in good quality material.
Taste: Resinous, very potent, quite unpleasant (like burning plastic or creosote, which also describes its distinctive, pungent odor).
Major Actions:
In vitro, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) reversed resistance to aminoglycosides in Staphylococcus aureus, apparently due to the ability of this compound to sufficiently damage the bacterial cell membrane to allow penetration of the antibiotics into the cells (Cunnigham-Oakes, et al. 2015). Other compounds in the plant also have antibacterial activity against S. aureus and enhance antibiotic activity against this microbe, including by inhibition of ATP-binding cassette proteins on the bacterial cell membrane (Favela-Hernández, et al. 2015).
In vitro, antiparasitic activity of creosote bush and extracts from it have been demonstrated against Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Naegleria fowleri, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, T. cruzi, Leishmania donovani, Plasmodium falciparum, and Haemonchus contortus (a nematode that infections livestock) (García, et al. 2018; Bashyal, et al. 2017; Schmidt, et al. 2012; Calzado-Flores, et al. 1995).
Major Organ System Affinities
Major Indications:
In a double-blind trial, 113 patients with actinic keratosis were randomized to be treated either with topical NDGA or a vehicle placebo (Olsen, et al. 1991). Subjects applied the treatment twice daily for 14--28 days. There was a significant reduction in the size of actinic keratoses with NDGA compared to placebo. Erythema and flaking of the lesions occurred in 62\% of those treated with NDGA.
An open trial found the topical NDGA temporary moderated psoriasis lesions, but they reverted to their prior severity when treatment was stopped (Szmurło 1990).
Major Constituents:
Up to 10% of the dry weight of the leaves and stems of creosote bush is made up of NDGA. This is one of the only instances in the natural world where one can see a single constituent present in such enormous concentrations.
Adverse Effects: nausea can occur when taking the herb internally; taking it with food helps avoid this.
A handful of cases of idiosyncratic liver damage associated with creosote bush have been published. In one case, repeat damage occurred upon re-challenge in the same patient (Kauma, et al. 2004). One case series has been published on the safe use of creosote bush tincture for longer periods of time (Heron and Yarnell 2001).
Intraperitoneal NDGA had an LD50 of 75 mg/kg in mice, with time- and dose-dependent increase in serum liver enzymes associated (Lambert, et al. 2002). The relevance of this to human oral use is unknown. An aqueous infusion of creosote bush given to male Swiss albino mice for 16 days at 760 mg/kg body weight caused no discernible toxicity (Bigliani, et al. 2010).
Contraindications:
Drug Interactions: None have been documented, but use with hepatotoxic drugs is not recommended.
Taste: Resinous, very potent, quite unpleasant (like burning plastic or creosote, which also describes its distinctive, pungent odor).
Major Actions:
- Antibacterial (Turner, et al. 2021; Gómez, et al. 2021; Snowden, et al. 2014 and see below)
- Antifungal and anti-candidal (Espino, et al. 2019; Butassi, et al. 2019 and 2015; Tequida-Meneses, et al. 2002)
- Antimycobacterial (Clemente-Soto, et al. 2014; Favela-Hernández, et al. 2012; Camacho-Corona, et al. 2008; Rivero-Cruz, et al. 2005)
- Anti-parasitic (see below)
- Antiretroviral (Gnabre, et al. 1995)
- Antiviral (Martinez, et al. 2021; Merino-Ramos, et al. 2017; Soto-Acosta, et al. 2014; Pollara, et al. 2010; Chen, et al. 1998)
- Inflammation modulating (Reyes-Melo, et al. 2021; Bergen and Valentine 2016; da Silva-Souza, et al. 2014; Melstrom, et al. 2008)
In vitro, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) reversed resistance to aminoglycosides in Staphylococcus aureus, apparently due to the ability of this compound to sufficiently damage the bacterial cell membrane to allow penetration of the antibiotics into the cells (Cunnigham-Oakes, et al. 2015). Other compounds in the plant also have antibacterial activity against S. aureus and enhance antibiotic activity against this microbe, including by inhibition of ATP-binding cassette proteins on the bacterial cell membrane (Favela-Hernández, et al. 2015).
In vitro, antiparasitic activity of creosote bush and extracts from it have been demonstrated against Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Naegleria fowleri, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, T. cruzi, Leishmania donovani, Plasmodium falciparum, and Haemonchus contortus (a nematode that infections livestock) (García, et al. 2018; Bashyal, et al. 2017; Schmidt, et al. 2012; Calzado-Flores, et al. 1995).
Major Organ System Affinities
- Respiratory Tract
- Gastrointestinal Tract
Major Indications:
- Actinic keratosis, topical (Olsen, et al. 1991)
- Allergies (Heron and Yarnell 2001)
- Bronchitis (Timmermann 1977)
- Diarrhea, infectious (Brinker 1993)
- Gastrointestinal infections (Brinker 1993)
- Parasitic gastrointestinal infections (Brinker 1993)
- Psoriasis (Szmurło 1990)
- Skin infections
In a double-blind trial, 113 patients with actinic keratosis were randomized to be treated either with topical NDGA or a vehicle placebo (Olsen, et al. 1991). Subjects applied the treatment twice daily for 14--28 days. There was a significant reduction in the size of actinic keratoses with NDGA compared to placebo. Erythema and flaking of the lesions occurred in 62\% of those treated with NDGA.
An open trial found the topical NDGA temporary moderated psoriasis lesions, but they reverted to their prior severity when treatment was stopped (Szmurło 1990).
Major Constituents:
- Resin
- Lignans, particularly large amounts of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA)
- Flavonoids (Arteaga, et al. 2005)
Up to 10% of the dry weight of the leaves and stems of creosote bush is made up of NDGA. This is one of the only instances in the natural world where one can see a single constituent present in such enormous concentrations.
Adverse Effects: nausea can occur when taking the herb internally; taking it with food helps avoid this.
A handful of cases of idiosyncratic liver damage associated with creosote bush have been published. In one case, repeat damage occurred upon re-challenge in the same patient (Kauma, et al. 2004). One case series has been published on the safe use of creosote bush tincture for longer periods of time (Heron and Yarnell 2001).
Intraperitoneal NDGA had an LD50 of 75 mg/kg in mice, with time- and dose-dependent increase in serum liver enzymes associated (Lambert, et al. 2002). The relevance of this to human oral use is unknown. An aqueous infusion of creosote bush given to male Swiss albino mice for 16 days at 760 mg/kg body weight caused no discernible toxicity (Bigliani, et al. 2010).
Contraindications:
- Allergy to creosote bush
- Liver failure
- Concomitant use of potentially hepatotoxic drugs
Drug Interactions: None have been documented, but use with hepatotoxic drugs is not recommended.
Pharmacy Essentials
Tincture: 1:2–1:5 w:v ratio, 80–90% ethanol
Dose:
Acute, adult: 0.5–1 ml every 2–3 h, adjusted for body size
Chronic, adult: adult: 0.5–1 ml tid
Child: as adult but adjusted for body size
Decoction: This is not for the faint of heart, given the intensely bad taste. Mix 1–2 g (1 scant tsp) of aerial parts simmered, covered, in 250 ml of water for 15 min, the result of which makes one cup (not 8 oz, but one dose). The amount of water used can be adjusted to patient taste in subsequent cups.
Dose:
Acute adult: not recommended
Chronic, adult: 1 cup bid-tid
Child: as adult but adjusted for body size
Capsules: Crude powder in capsules: 250–500 mg tid. Not recommended for long term use. By masking the taste it becomes possible to take more than is safe for some sensitive people. Clinical trials in cancer patients have used up to 2 g per day safely (Friedlander, et al. 2012).
Creosote bush in castor oil: macerate dried herb in castor oil, covered, on low heat for 48–72 h. Press out the the liquid and apply topically at least once a day, with or without a hot pack. Extremely messy.
If you need help formulating with this herb, or any other, you can use the formulation tool. Remember that when using this herb in a formula, due to synergy, you can usually use less.
Dose:
Acute, adult: 0.5–1 ml every 2–3 h, adjusted for body size
Chronic, adult: adult: 0.5–1 ml tid
Child: as adult but adjusted for body size
Decoction: This is not for the faint of heart, given the intensely bad taste. Mix 1–2 g (1 scant tsp) of aerial parts simmered, covered, in 250 ml of water for 15 min, the result of which makes one cup (not 8 oz, but one dose). The amount of water used can be adjusted to patient taste in subsequent cups.
Dose:
Acute adult: not recommended
Chronic, adult: 1 cup bid-tid
Child: as adult but adjusted for body size
Capsules: Crude powder in capsules: 250–500 mg tid. Not recommended for long term use. By masking the taste it becomes possible to take more than is safe for some sensitive people. Clinical trials in cancer patients have used up to 2 g per day safely (Friedlander, et al. 2012).
Creosote bush in castor oil: macerate dried herb in castor oil, covered, on low heat for 48–72 h. Press out the the liquid and apply topically at least once a day, with or without a hot pack. Extremely messy.
If you need help formulating with this herb, or any other, you can use the formulation tool. Remember that when using this herb in a formula, due to synergy, you can usually use less.
Other Names
Latin synonyms:
Current correct Latin binomial: Larrea tridentata (DC) Coville
Covillea glutinosa (Engelm) Rydb
Covillea tridentata (DC) Vail
Guaiacum mexicanum Baill
Larrea divaricata ssp tridentata (DC) Felger
Larrea divaricata var arenaria (LD Benson) Felger
Larrea glutinosa Engelm
Larrea mexicana Moric
Neoschroetera glutinosa (Engelm) Briq
Neoschroetera tridentata (DC) Briq
Schroeterella glutinosa Briq
Schroeterella tridentata (DC) Briq
Zygophyllum tridentatum ex DC
Larrea is named for the botanist and Bishop Juan Antonio Hernández Pérez de Larrea (17311803) from Valladolid, Spain. The species name tridentata is highly misleading, as almost all the leaves are actually bidentate.
English Common Names: creosote bush
This plant does not grow in the bioregion known as the chaparral, so calling it chaparral is not reasonable. Nevertheless it is considered the standard common name by the American Herbal Products Association and is the legal name in commerce in the US. However, the name creosote bush will be used here given the serious inaccuracy of the name "chaparral."
Native American Common Names (grouped linguistically and geographically):
Ivilyuqaletem (Cahuilla, Uto-Aztecan): atukul
Newe (Shoshone, Uto-Aztecan): ya-temp
Nuwa (Paiute): geroop
Tohono and Akimel O'odham (Pima and Papago, Uto-Aztecan): shegoi (plural sheshgoi), shegih, shegii, shegai
Havasupai-Walapai (Hualapai, Yuman): ivthii
Koléew Ñaja' (Kiliwa, Yuman): psiyu
Kumeyaay (Diegueño, Yuman): 'epsii
Cmiique Iitom (Seri, isolate): haaxat
Spanish Common Names:gobernadora ("governess", related to its domination of its habitat), hediondilla ("little stinky one"), falsa alcaparra, guamis, jarillo, tasajo
Current correct Latin binomial: Larrea tridentata (DC) Coville
Covillea glutinosa (Engelm) Rydb
Covillea tridentata (DC) Vail
Guaiacum mexicanum Baill
Larrea divaricata ssp tridentata (DC) Felger
Larrea divaricata var arenaria (LD Benson) Felger
Larrea glutinosa Engelm
Larrea mexicana Moric
Neoschroetera glutinosa (Engelm) Briq
Neoschroetera tridentata (DC) Briq
Schroeterella glutinosa Briq
Schroeterella tridentata (DC) Briq
Zygophyllum tridentatum ex DC
Larrea is named for the botanist and Bishop Juan Antonio Hernández Pérez de Larrea (17311803) from Valladolid, Spain. The species name tridentata is highly misleading, as almost all the leaves are actually bidentate.
English Common Names: creosote bush
This plant does not grow in the bioregion known as the chaparral, so calling it chaparral is not reasonable. Nevertheless it is considered the standard common name by the American Herbal Products Association and is the legal name in commerce in the US. However, the name creosote bush will be used here given the serious inaccuracy of the name "chaparral."
Native American Common Names (grouped linguistically and geographically):
Ivilyuqaletem (Cahuilla, Uto-Aztecan): atukul
Newe (Shoshone, Uto-Aztecan): ya-temp
Nuwa (Paiute): geroop
Tohono and Akimel O'odham (Pima and Papago, Uto-Aztecan): shegoi (plural sheshgoi), shegih, shegii, shegai
Havasupai-Walapai (Hualapai, Yuman): ivthii
Koléew Ñaja' (Kiliwa, Yuman): psiyu
Kumeyaay (Diegueño, Yuman): 'epsii
Cmiique Iitom (Seri, isolate): haaxat
Spanish Common Names:gobernadora ("governess", related to its domination of its habitat), hediondilla ("little stinky one"), falsa alcaparra, guamis, jarillo, tasajo
Interchangeability of Species
There are several other medicinal species of Larrea found in South America, notably L. divaricata (jarilla, jarillo) and L. nitida (jarrilla). They are largely interchangeable. L. cuneata and L. tridentata demonstrated synergistic activity against candida in vitro in one study (Espino, et al. 2019).
Advanced Clinical Information
Additional Actions:
Lower concentrations of NDGA were shown to inhibit 5-lipoxygenase while higher concentrations were shown to inhibit cyclooxygenase in vitro (Salari, et al. 1984). Methanol extracts of chaparral were particularly effective for carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats (Meckes, et al. 2004).
An aqueous extract of creosote bush (which was shown to contain only very low quantities of NDGA) showed antineoplastic activity at a level similar to NDGA alone and that the extract and NDGA worked by some different mechanisms, suggesting there are water-soluble constituents that are active in creosote bush (Anesini, et al. 2001).
Hamsters fed a high carbohydrate diet were completely protected from developing gallstones by concomitant administration of ethanolic extract of dried creosote bush (Arteaga, et al. 2005). An aqueous extract was not effective. Both NDGA and the ethanol extract were shown to have cholestatic effects in hamster livers.
Additional Indications, Topical:
The use of creosote bush for cancer is controversial, with the one published case series showing minimal benefits (Smart, et al. 1970) despite an earlier positive case study (Smart, et al. 1969). A more modern open trial found that NDGA 2 g per day did have at least some evidence of slowing prostate cancer in patients with non-metastatic disease with minimal toxicity (Friedlander, et al. 2012).
Terameprocol is a semi-synthetic tetra-methylated derivative of NDGA (meso-tetra-O-methyl-NDGA) that is currently being studied to treat various forms of cancer, including successful phase I trials in patients with advanced leukemias and glioma (Tibes, et al. 2015; Grossman, et al. 2012). Intralesional injection of 20 mg per cm of head and neck tumor led to necrosis of the cancer in 5 of 6 patients studied without surrounding tissue damage (Dunphy, et al. 2004). Repeated, direct application of up to 90 mg of terameprocol to the cervix had no discernable adverse effects in one human clinical trial (Khanna, et al. 2007). It may have benefits for treating cervical dysplasia or non-invasive cervical cancer. Terameprocol has been shown to have numerous actions including competing with the transcription factor Sp1 for specific Sp1 DNA binding domains within gene promoter regions during DNA synthesis. This interferes with transcription of the Sp1-dependant genes including cyclin-dependant kinase, survivin, and vascular endothelial growth factor, which are overexpressed in a variety of cancers. This ultimately interferes with tumor angiogenesis and proliferation and induces apoptosis.
- 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitor (Salari, et al. 1984)
- Antidiabetic (Chan, et al. 2018; Del Vecchyo-Tenorio, et al. 2016; Reed, et al. 1999; Luo, et al. 1998)
- Antineoplastic (Hernández-Damián, et al. 2014; Melstrom, et al. 2008; Youngren, et al. 2005; Anesini, et al. 2001)
- Cyclooxygenase inhibitor (both isoforms, moderately)
- Gallstone formation inhibition (Arteaga, et al. 2005; Arteaga 1997)
- Hypolipidemic (Del Vecchyo-Tenorio, et al. 2016)
- Immunostimulating, activating macrophages (Martino, et al. 2011, 2012, and 2014)
- Nephroregenerative (Lee, et al. 2009)
Lower concentrations of NDGA were shown to inhibit 5-lipoxygenase while higher concentrations were shown to inhibit cyclooxygenase in vitro (Salari, et al. 1984). Methanol extracts of chaparral were particularly effective for carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats (Meckes, et al. 2004).
An aqueous extract of creosote bush (which was shown to contain only very low quantities of NDGA) showed antineoplastic activity at a level similar to NDGA alone and that the extract and NDGA worked by some different mechanisms, suggesting there are water-soluble constituents that are active in creosote bush (Anesini, et al. 2001).
Hamsters fed a high carbohydrate diet were completely protected from developing gallstones by concomitant administration of ethanolic extract of dried creosote bush (Arteaga, et al. 2005). An aqueous extract was not effective. Both NDGA and the ethanol extract were shown to have cholestatic effects in hamster livers.
Additional Indications, Topical:
- Intestinal and pelvic spasmodic conditions eg dysmenorrhea
- Wounds
- Cancer (Smart, et al. 1970 and 1969)
- Diabetes mellitus
- Tuberculosis (Timmermann 1977)
- Urinary tract infection (Timmermann 1977)
The use of creosote bush for cancer is controversial, with the one published case series showing minimal benefits (Smart, et al. 1970) despite an earlier positive case study (Smart, et al. 1969). A more modern open trial found that NDGA 2 g per day did have at least some evidence of slowing prostate cancer in patients with non-metastatic disease with minimal toxicity (Friedlander, et al. 2012).
Terameprocol is a semi-synthetic tetra-methylated derivative of NDGA (meso-tetra-O-methyl-NDGA) that is currently being studied to treat various forms of cancer, including successful phase I trials in patients with advanced leukemias and glioma (Tibes, et al. 2015; Grossman, et al. 2012). Intralesional injection of 20 mg per cm of head and neck tumor led to necrosis of the cancer in 5 of 6 patients studied without surrounding tissue damage (Dunphy, et al. 2004). Repeated, direct application of up to 90 mg of terameprocol to the cervix had no discernable adverse effects in one human clinical trial (Khanna, et al. 2007). It may have benefits for treating cervical dysplasia or non-invasive cervical cancer. Terameprocol has been shown to have numerous actions including competing with the transcription factor Sp1 for specific Sp1 DNA binding domains within gene promoter regions during DNA synthesis. This interferes with transcription of the Sp1-dependant genes including cyclin-dependant kinase, survivin, and vascular endothelial growth factor, which are overexpressed in a variety of cancers. This ultimately interferes with tumor angiogenesis and proliferation and induces apoptosis.
Botanical Information
Botanical Description: Creosote bush is an aromatic, evergreen shrub (somewhat drought deciduous) up to 3.5 m tall. The stems have dark glandular bands at the nodes. There are relatively few, scattered, leathery leaves except during periods of intense rains. The leaves are opposite, with pairs of leaflets united at the base (thus truly this is bidentate, not tridentate as the Latin suggests), 1 cm long, and strongly scented. It produces yellow flowers, especially after a wet rainy season, followed by globose capsules that split into 5 nutlets and are covered in white hairs. The flowers are solitary, pedicel-borne, with five yellow-green sepals and a corolla of five yellow petals 7–11 mm long, with 10 stamens, 1 pistil, and a superior ovary. It is widespread and common on dry plains and mesas below 5,000 ft (1676 m).
Native range: Creosote bush is the dominant shrub of the Sonoran Desert, and is considered the type species for this desert. It has not spread outside this range though it is found somewhat in the Mohave and Chihuahua deserts, where they intergrade with the Sonoran. Some disjunct populations are also found in the southernmost Great Basin desert as well.
Native range: Creosote bush is the dominant shrub of the Sonoran Desert, and is considered the type species for this desert. It has not spread outside this range though it is found somewhat in the Mohave and Chihuahua deserts, where they intergrade with the Sonoran. Some disjunct populations are also found in the southernmost Great Basin desert as well.
Native range of Larrea tridentata (US Department of Agriculture, 1970)
Harvest, Cultivation, and Ecology
Cultivation: Cultivation is not yet practiced and is unnecessary as this plant is incredibly widespread.
Wildcrafting: Since renewable parts of the plant are taken, it is not believed to be a huge toll on the plants when it is harvested. Nevertheless, only a small portion of any one shrub's foliage should be taken at any one time. There really are no plants that look like this, and certainly none that smell like it, making accidental harvesting of the wrong species highly unlikely.
Ecological Status: This plant is quite stable, though there is concern that drawing down the water table by cities in the Sonoran Desert is impacting the health of the chaparral. Additionally, human development is taking away more and more of its habitat. Nevertheless, it grows in places that are simply not suitable for almost any purpose (as far as humans are concerned), so it is unlikely it would ever be eradicated.
Wildcrafting: Since renewable parts of the plant are taken, it is not believed to be a huge toll on the plants when it is harvested. Nevertheless, only a small portion of any one shrub's foliage should be taken at any one time. There really are no plants that look like this, and certainly none that smell like it, making accidental harvesting of the wrong species highly unlikely.
Ecological Status: This plant is quite stable, though there is concern that drawing down the water table by cities in the Sonoran Desert is impacting the health of the chaparral. Additionally, human development is taking away more and more of its habitat. Nevertheless, it grows in places that are simply not suitable for almost any purpose (as far as humans are concerned), so it is unlikely it would ever be eradicated.
References
Anesini C, Ferraro G, Lopez P, Borda E (2001) "Different intracellular signals coupled to the antiproliferative action of aqueous crude extract from Larrea divaricata Cav and nor-dihydroguaiaretic acid on a lymphoma cell line" Phytomedicine 8(1):1–7.
Arteaga S (1997) Effect of gobernadora (Larrea tridentata) on cholesterol cholelithiasis in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Bachelor in Biology Thesis. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, México [in Spanish].
Arteaga S, Andrade-Cetto A, Cárdenas R (2005) "Larrea tridentata (creosote bush), an abundant plant of Mexican and US-American deserts and its metabolite nordihydroguaiaretic acid" J Ethnopharmacol 98:231–9.
Arteaga S, Carmona A, Luis J, Andrade-Cetto A, Cardenas R (2005) "Effect of Larrea tridentata (creosote bush) on cholesterol gallstones and bile secretion in hamsters" J Pharm Pharmacol 57(9):1093–9.
Bashyal B, Li L, Bains T, et al. (2017) "Larrea tridentata: A novel source for anti-parasitic agents active against Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Naegleria fowleri" PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11(8):e0005832.
Bean LJ, Saubel KS (1972) Temalpakh (From the Earth): Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants (Morongo Indian Reservation: Malki Museum Press).
Bergren DR, Valentine JL (2016) "Anti-anaphylactic action of nordihydroguaiaretic acid in antigen sensitized guinea pigs" Respir Physiol Neurobiol 234:26–31.
Bigliani CM, Grondona E, Zunino MP, Ponce AA (2010) "Effects of Cecropia pachystachya and Larrea divaricata aqueous extracts in mice" Hum Exp Toxicol 29(7):601–6.
Brinker F (1993) "Larrea tridentata (DC) Coville (chaparral or creosote bush)" Br J Phytother 3:10–31.
Butassi E, Svetaz LA, Ivancovich JJ, et al. (2015) "Synergistic mutual potentiation of antifungal activity of Zuccagnia punctata Cav and Larrea nitida Cav extracts in clinical isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata" Phytomedicine 22(6):666–78.
Butassi E, Svetaz LA, Sortino MA, et al. (2019) "Approaches to the mechanism of antifungal activity of Zuccagnia punctata-Larrea nitida bi-herbal combination" Phytomedicine 54:291–301.
Calzado-Flores C, Segura-Luna JJ, Guajardo-Touche EM (1995) "Effects of chaparrin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid and their structural analogues on Entamoeba histolytica cultures" Proc West Pharmacol Soc 38:105–6.
Camacho-Corona Mdel R, Ramírez-Cabrera MA, Santiago OG, et al. (2008) "Activity against drug resistant-tuberculosis strains of plants used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases" Phytother Res 22(1):82–85.
Chan JKW, Bittner S, Bittner A, et al. (2018) "Nordihydroguaiaretic acid, a lignan from Larrea tridentata (creosote bush), protects against American lifestyle-induced obesity syndrome diet-induced metabolic dysfunction in mice" J Pharmacol Exp Ther 365(2):281–90.
Chen H, Teng L, Li JN, et al. (1998) "Antiviral activities of methylated nordihydroguaiaretic acids. 2. Targeting herpes simplex virus replication by the mutation insensitive transcription inhibitor tetra-O-methyl-NDGA" J Med Chem 41(16):3001–7.
Clemente-Soto AF, Balderas-Rentería I, Rivera G, et al. (2014) "Potential mechanism of action of meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid on Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv" Molecules 19(12):20170–20182.
Cunningham-Oakes E, Soren O, Moussa C, et al. (2015) "Nordihydroguaiaretic acid enhances the activities of aminoglycosides against methicillin- sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in vivo" Front Microbiol 6:1195.
da Silva-Souza HA, Lira MN, Costa-Junior HM, et al. (2014) "Inhibitors of the 5-lipoxygenase arachidonic acid pathway induce ATP release and ATP-dependent organic cation transport in macrophages" Biochim Biophys Acta 1838(7):1967–77.
Del Vecchyo-Tenorio G, Rodríguez-Cruz M, Andrade-Cetto A, Cárdenas-Vázquez R (2016) "Creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) improves insulin sensitivity and reduces plasma and hepatic lipids in hamsters fed a high fat and cholesterol diet" Front Pharmacol 7:194.
Dunphy FR, Dukelow KK. Provenzal JandCrawford J (2004) "Phase I clinical results of intralesional injection of tetro-O-methyl nordihydrogualaretic acid (M4N) in refractory head and neck cancer" Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 23:abstract 5614.
Espino M, Solari M, Fernández MLÁ, et al. (2019) "NADES-mediated folk plant extracts as novel antifungal agents against Candida albicans" J Pharm Biomed Anal 167:15–20.
Favela-Hernández JM, Clemente-Soto AF, Balderas-Rentería I, et al. (2015) "Potential mechanism of action of 3'-demethoxy-6-O-demethyl-isoguaiacin on methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus" Molecules 20(7):12450–8.
Favela-Hernández JM, García A, Garza-González E, et al. (2012) "Antibacterial and antimycobacterial lignans and flavonoids from Larrea tridentata" Phytother Res 26(12):1957–60.
Friedlander TW, Weinberg VK, Huang Y, et al. (2012) "A phase II study of insulin-like growth factor receptor inhibition with nordihydroguaiaretic acid in men with non-metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer" Oncol Rep 27(1):3–9.
García JE, Gómez L, Mendoza-de-Gives P, Rivera-Corona JL, et al. (2018) "Anthelmintic efficacy of hydro-methanolic extracts of Larrea tridentata against larvae of Haemonchus contortus" Trop Anim Health Prod 50(5):1099–105.
Gnabre JN, Brady JN, Clanton DJ, et al. (1995) "Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcription and replication by DNA sequence-selective plant lignans" Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92(24):11239–43.
Gómez J, Simirgiotis MJ, Manrique S, et al. (2021) "UHPLC-ESI-OT-MS phenolics profiling, free radical scavenging, antibacterial and nematicidal activities of 'yellow-brown resins' from Larrea spp" Antioxidants (Basel) 10(2):185.
Grossman SA, Ye X, Peereboom D, et al. (2012) "Phase I study of terameprocol in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma" Neuro Oncol 14(4):511–7.
Hernández-Damián J, Andérica-Romero AC,Pedraza-Chaverri J (2014) "Paradoxical cellular effects and biological role of the multifaceted compound nordihydroguaiaretic acid" Arch Pharm 347(10):685–97.
Heron S, Yarnell E (2001) "The safety of low-dose Larrea tridentata (DC) Coville (creosote bush or chaparral): A retrospective clinical study" J Alt Compl Med 7:175–85
Kauma H, Koskela R, Makisalo H, et al. (2004) "Toxic acute hepatitis and hepatic fibrosis after consumption of chaparral tablets" Scand J Gastroenterol 39(11):1168–71.
Khanna N, Dalby R, Tan M, et al. (2007) "Phase I/II clinical safety studies of terameprocol vaginal ointment" Gynecol Oncol 107(3):554–62.
Lambert JD, Zhao D, Meyers RO, et al. (2002) "Nordihydroguaiaretic acid: Hepatotoxicity and detoxification in the mouse" Toxicon 40(12):1701–1708.
Lee DW, Kwak IS, Lee SB, et al. (2009) "Post-treatment effects of erythropoietin and nordihydroguaiaretic acid on recovery from cisplatin-induced acute renal failure in the rat" J Korean Med Sci 24(suppl):S170–175.
Luo J, Chuang T, Cheung J, et al. (1998) "Masoprocol (nordihydroguaiaretic acid): A new antihyperglycemic agent isolated from the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)" Eur J Pharmacol 346:77–79.
Martinez F, Mugas ML, Aguilar JJ, et al. (2021) "First report of antiviral activity of nordihydroguaiaretic acid against Fort Sherman virus (Orthobunyavirus)" Antiviral Res 187:104976.
Martino R, Canale F, Sülsen V, Alonso R, et al. (2014) "A fraction containing kaempferol-3,4'-dimethylether from Larrea divaricata Cav induces macrophage activation on mice infected with Candida albicans" Phytother Res 28(6):917–24.
Martino RF, Davicino RC, Mattar MA, et al. (2011) "In vivo effect of three fractions of Larrea divaricata Cav (jarilla) on the innate immune system: Macrophage response against Candida albicans" Mycoses 54(6):e718–25.
Martino RF, Davicino RC, Mattar MA, et al. (2012) "Macrophages activation by a purified fraction, free of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), from Larrea divaricata Cav as a potential novel therapy against Candida albicans" Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 34(6):975–82.
Meckes M, David-Rivera AD, Nava-Aguilar V, Jimenez A (2004) "Activity of some Mexican medicinal plant extracts on carrageenan-induced rat paw edema" Phytomedicine 11(5):446–51.
Melstrom LG, Bentrem DJ, Salabat MR, et al. (2008) "Overexpression of 5-lipoxygenase in colon polyps and cancer and the effect of 5-LOX inhibitors in vitro and in a murine model" Clin Cancer Res 14(20):6525–30.
Merino-Ramos T, Jiménez de Oya N, Saiz JC, Martín-Acebes MA (2017) "Antiviral activity of nordihydroguaiaretic acid and its derivative tetra-O-methyl nordihydroguaiaretic acid against West Nile virus and Zika virus" Antimicrob Agents Chemother 61(8):e00376-17.
Olsen EA, Abernethy ML, Kulp-Shorten C, et al. (1991) "A double-blind, vehicle-controlled study evaluating masoprocol cream in the treatment of actinic keratoses on the head and neck" J Am Acad Dermatol 24(5 Pt 1):738–743.
Pollara JJ, Laster SM, Petty IT (2010) "Inhibition of poxvirus growth by Terameprocol, a methylated derivative of nordihydroguaiaretic acid" Antiviral Res 88(3):287–95.
Rea AM (1997) At the Desert’s Green Edge: An Ethnobotany of the Gila River Pima (Tucson: University of Arizona Press).
Reed M, Meszaros K, Entes L, et al. (1999) "Effect of masoprocol on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in a rat model of type II diabetes" Diabetologia 42:102–6.
Reyes-Melo KY, Galván-Rodrigo AA, Martínez-Olivo IE, et al. (2021) "Larrea tridentata and its biological activities" Curr Top Med Chem 21(26):2352–64.
Rivero-Cruz I, Acevedo L, Guerrero JA, et al. (2005) "Antimycobacterial agents from selected Mexican medicinal plants" J Pharm Pharmacol 57(9):1117–26.
Salari H, Braquet P, Borgeat P (1984) "Comparative effects of indomethacin, acetylenic acids, 15-HETE, nordihydroguairetic acid and BW755C on the metabolism of arachidonic acid in human leukocytes and platelets" Prostaglan Leukot Med 13(1):53–60.
Schmidt TJ, Rzeppa S, Kaiser M, Brun R (2012) "Larrea tridentata–-Absolute configuration of its epoxylignans and investigations on its antiprotozoal activity" Phytochem Lett 5(3):632–8.
Smart CR, Hogle HH, et al. (1969) "An interesting observation on nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NSC-4291; NDGA) and a patient with malignant melanoma—a preliminary report" Cancer Chemother Rep 53:147–51.
Smart CR, Hogle CR, Vogel H, et al. (1970) "Clinical experience with nordihydroguaiaretic acid–"chapparel tea" [sic] in the treatment of cancer" Rocky Mtn Med J 67:39–43.
Snowden R, Harrington H, Morrill K, et al. (2014) "A comparison of the anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity of extracts from commonly used medicinal plants" J Altern Complement Med 20(5):375–82.
Soto-Acosta R, Bautista-Carbajal P, Syed GH, et al. (2014) "Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) inhibits replication and viral morphogenesis of dengue virus" Antiviral Res 109:132–40.
Szmurło A (1990) "Local use of leukotriene inhibitor–NDGA in psoriasis" Przegl Dermatol 77(4):269–71 [in Polish].
Tequida-Meneses M, Cortez-Rocha M, Rosas-Burgos EC, et al. (2002) "Effect of alcoholic extracts of wild plants on the inhibition of growth of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium expansum, Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium poae moulds" Rev Iberoam Micol 19(2):84–88.
Tibes R, McDonagh KT, Lekakis L, et al. (2015) "Phase I study of the novel Cdc2/CDK1 and AKT inhibitor terameprocol in patients with advanced leukemias" Invest New Drugs 33(2):389–96.
Timmermann B (1977) "Practical uses of Larrea" In: Mabry T, Hunziker J, Difeo D (eds) Creosote Bush. Biology and Chemistry of Larrea in New World Deserts (Dowden Hutchinson Ross Inc):252–257.
Turner T, Ruiz G, Gerstel J, Langland J (2021) "Characterization of the antibacterial activity from ethanolic extracts of the botanical, Larrea tridentata" BMC Complement Med Ther 21(1):177.
Youngren JF, Gable K, Penaranda C, et al. (2005) "Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) inhibits the IGF-1 and c-erbb2/HER2/neu receptors and suppresses growth in breast cancer cells" Breast Cancer Res Treat 94(1):37–46.
Arteaga S (1997) Effect of gobernadora (Larrea tridentata) on cholesterol cholelithiasis in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Bachelor in Biology Thesis. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, México [in Spanish].
Arteaga S, Andrade-Cetto A, Cárdenas R (2005) "Larrea tridentata (creosote bush), an abundant plant of Mexican and US-American deserts and its metabolite nordihydroguaiaretic acid" J Ethnopharmacol 98:231–9.
Arteaga S, Carmona A, Luis J, Andrade-Cetto A, Cardenas R (2005) "Effect of Larrea tridentata (creosote bush) on cholesterol gallstones and bile secretion in hamsters" J Pharm Pharmacol 57(9):1093–9.
Bashyal B, Li L, Bains T, et al. (2017) "Larrea tridentata: A novel source for anti-parasitic agents active against Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Naegleria fowleri" PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11(8):e0005832.
Bean LJ, Saubel KS (1972) Temalpakh (From the Earth): Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants (Morongo Indian Reservation: Malki Museum Press).
Bergren DR, Valentine JL (2016) "Anti-anaphylactic action of nordihydroguaiaretic acid in antigen sensitized guinea pigs" Respir Physiol Neurobiol 234:26–31.
Bigliani CM, Grondona E, Zunino MP, Ponce AA (2010) "Effects of Cecropia pachystachya and Larrea divaricata aqueous extracts in mice" Hum Exp Toxicol 29(7):601–6.
Brinker F (1993) "Larrea tridentata (DC) Coville (chaparral or creosote bush)" Br J Phytother 3:10–31.
Butassi E, Svetaz LA, Ivancovich JJ, et al. (2015) "Synergistic mutual potentiation of antifungal activity of Zuccagnia punctata Cav and Larrea nitida Cav extracts in clinical isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata" Phytomedicine 22(6):666–78.
Butassi E, Svetaz LA, Sortino MA, et al. (2019) "Approaches to the mechanism of antifungal activity of Zuccagnia punctata-Larrea nitida bi-herbal combination" Phytomedicine 54:291–301.
Calzado-Flores C, Segura-Luna JJ, Guajardo-Touche EM (1995) "Effects of chaparrin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid and their structural analogues on Entamoeba histolytica cultures" Proc West Pharmacol Soc 38:105–6.
Camacho-Corona Mdel R, Ramírez-Cabrera MA, Santiago OG, et al. (2008) "Activity against drug resistant-tuberculosis strains of plants used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases" Phytother Res 22(1):82–85.
Chan JKW, Bittner S, Bittner A, et al. (2018) "Nordihydroguaiaretic acid, a lignan from Larrea tridentata (creosote bush), protects against American lifestyle-induced obesity syndrome diet-induced metabolic dysfunction in mice" J Pharmacol Exp Ther 365(2):281–90.
Chen H, Teng L, Li JN, et al. (1998) "Antiviral activities of methylated nordihydroguaiaretic acids. 2. Targeting herpes simplex virus replication by the mutation insensitive transcription inhibitor tetra-O-methyl-NDGA" J Med Chem 41(16):3001–7.
Clemente-Soto AF, Balderas-Rentería I, Rivera G, et al. (2014) "Potential mechanism of action of meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid on Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv" Molecules 19(12):20170–20182.
Cunningham-Oakes E, Soren O, Moussa C, et al. (2015) "Nordihydroguaiaretic acid enhances the activities of aminoglycosides against methicillin- sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in vivo" Front Microbiol 6:1195.
da Silva-Souza HA, Lira MN, Costa-Junior HM, et al. (2014) "Inhibitors of the 5-lipoxygenase arachidonic acid pathway induce ATP release and ATP-dependent organic cation transport in macrophages" Biochim Biophys Acta 1838(7):1967–77.
Del Vecchyo-Tenorio G, Rodríguez-Cruz M, Andrade-Cetto A, Cárdenas-Vázquez R (2016) "Creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) improves insulin sensitivity and reduces plasma and hepatic lipids in hamsters fed a high fat and cholesterol diet" Front Pharmacol 7:194.
Dunphy FR, Dukelow KK. Provenzal JandCrawford J (2004) "Phase I clinical results of intralesional injection of tetro-O-methyl nordihydrogualaretic acid (M4N) in refractory head and neck cancer" Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 23:abstract 5614.
Espino M, Solari M, Fernández MLÁ, et al. (2019) "NADES-mediated folk plant extracts as novel antifungal agents against Candida albicans" J Pharm Biomed Anal 167:15–20.
Favela-Hernández JM, Clemente-Soto AF, Balderas-Rentería I, et al. (2015) "Potential mechanism of action of 3'-demethoxy-6-O-demethyl-isoguaiacin on methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus" Molecules 20(7):12450–8.
Favela-Hernández JM, García A, Garza-González E, et al. (2012) "Antibacterial and antimycobacterial lignans and flavonoids from Larrea tridentata" Phytother Res 26(12):1957–60.
Friedlander TW, Weinberg VK, Huang Y, et al. (2012) "A phase II study of insulin-like growth factor receptor inhibition with nordihydroguaiaretic acid in men with non-metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer" Oncol Rep 27(1):3–9.
García JE, Gómez L, Mendoza-de-Gives P, Rivera-Corona JL, et al. (2018) "Anthelmintic efficacy of hydro-methanolic extracts of Larrea tridentata against larvae of Haemonchus contortus" Trop Anim Health Prod 50(5):1099–105.
Gnabre JN, Brady JN, Clanton DJ, et al. (1995) "Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcription and replication by DNA sequence-selective plant lignans" Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92(24):11239–43.
Gómez J, Simirgiotis MJ, Manrique S, et al. (2021) "UHPLC-ESI-OT-MS phenolics profiling, free radical scavenging, antibacterial and nematicidal activities of 'yellow-brown resins' from Larrea spp" Antioxidants (Basel) 10(2):185.
Grossman SA, Ye X, Peereboom D, et al. (2012) "Phase I study of terameprocol in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma" Neuro Oncol 14(4):511–7.
Hernández-Damián J, Andérica-Romero AC,Pedraza-Chaverri J (2014) "Paradoxical cellular effects and biological role of the multifaceted compound nordihydroguaiaretic acid" Arch Pharm 347(10):685–97.
Heron S, Yarnell E (2001) "The safety of low-dose Larrea tridentata (DC) Coville (creosote bush or chaparral): A retrospective clinical study" J Alt Compl Med 7:175–85
Kauma H, Koskela R, Makisalo H, et al. (2004) "Toxic acute hepatitis and hepatic fibrosis after consumption of chaparral tablets" Scand J Gastroenterol 39(11):1168–71.
Khanna N, Dalby R, Tan M, et al. (2007) "Phase I/II clinical safety studies of terameprocol vaginal ointment" Gynecol Oncol 107(3):554–62.
Lambert JD, Zhao D, Meyers RO, et al. (2002) "Nordihydroguaiaretic acid: Hepatotoxicity and detoxification in the mouse" Toxicon 40(12):1701–1708.
Lee DW, Kwak IS, Lee SB, et al. (2009) "Post-treatment effects of erythropoietin and nordihydroguaiaretic acid on recovery from cisplatin-induced acute renal failure in the rat" J Korean Med Sci 24(suppl):S170–175.
Luo J, Chuang T, Cheung J, et al. (1998) "Masoprocol (nordihydroguaiaretic acid): A new antihyperglycemic agent isolated from the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)" Eur J Pharmacol 346:77–79.
Martinez F, Mugas ML, Aguilar JJ, et al. (2021) "First report of antiviral activity of nordihydroguaiaretic acid against Fort Sherman virus (Orthobunyavirus)" Antiviral Res 187:104976.
Martino R, Canale F, Sülsen V, Alonso R, et al. (2014) "A fraction containing kaempferol-3,4'-dimethylether from Larrea divaricata Cav induces macrophage activation on mice infected with Candida albicans" Phytother Res 28(6):917–24.
Martino RF, Davicino RC, Mattar MA, et al. (2011) "In vivo effect of three fractions of Larrea divaricata Cav (jarilla) on the innate immune system: Macrophage response against Candida albicans" Mycoses 54(6):e718–25.
Martino RF, Davicino RC, Mattar MA, et al. (2012) "Macrophages activation by a purified fraction, free of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), from Larrea divaricata Cav as a potential novel therapy against Candida albicans" Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 34(6):975–82.
Meckes M, David-Rivera AD, Nava-Aguilar V, Jimenez A (2004) "Activity of some Mexican medicinal plant extracts on carrageenan-induced rat paw edema" Phytomedicine 11(5):446–51.
Melstrom LG, Bentrem DJ, Salabat MR, et al. (2008) "Overexpression of 5-lipoxygenase in colon polyps and cancer and the effect of 5-LOX inhibitors in vitro and in a murine model" Clin Cancer Res 14(20):6525–30.
Merino-Ramos T, Jiménez de Oya N, Saiz JC, Martín-Acebes MA (2017) "Antiviral activity of nordihydroguaiaretic acid and its derivative tetra-O-methyl nordihydroguaiaretic acid against West Nile virus and Zika virus" Antimicrob Agents Chemother 61(8):e00376-17.
Olsen EA, Abernethy ML, Kulp-Shorten C, et al. (1991) "A double-blind, vehicle-controlled study evaluating masoprocol cream in the treatment of actinic keratoses on the head and neck" J Am Acad Dermatol 24(5 Pt 1):738–743.
Pollara JJ, Laster SM, Petty IT (2010) "Inhibition of poxvirus growth by Terameprocol, a methylated derivative of nordihydroguaiaretic acid" Antiviral Res 88(3):287–95.
Rea AM (1997) At the Desert’s Green Edge: An Ethnobotany of the Gila River Pima (Tucson: University of Arizona Press).
Reed M, Meszaros K, Entes L, et al. (1999) "Effect of masoprocol on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in a rat model of type II diabetes" Diabetologia 42:102–6.
Reyes-Melo KY, Galván-Rodrigo AA, Martínez-Olivo IE, et al. (2021) "Larrea tridentata and its biological activities" Curr Top Med Chem 21(26):2352–64.
Rivero-Cruz I, Acevedo L, Guerrero JA, et al. (2005) "Antimycobacterial agents from selected Mexican medicinal plants" J Pharm Pharmacol 57(9):1117–26.
Salari H, Braquet P, Borgeat P (1984) "Comparative effects of indomethacin, acetylenic acids, 15-HETE, nordihydroguairetic acid and BW755C on the metabolism of arachidonic acid in human leukocytes and platelets" Prostaglan Leukot Med 13(1):53–60.
Schmidt TJ, Rzeppa S, Kaiser M, Brun R (2012) "Larrea tridentata–-Absolute configuration of its epoxylignans and investigations on its antiprotozoal activity" Phytochem Lett 5(3):632–8.
Smart CR, Hogle HH, et al. (1969) "An interesting observation on nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NSC-4291; NDGA) and a patient with malignant melanoma—a preliminary report" Cancer Chemother Rep 53:147–51.
Smart CR, Hogle CR, Vogel H, et al. (1970) "Clinical experience with nordihydroguaiaretic acid–"chapparel tea" [sic] in the treatment of cancer" Rocky Mtn Med J 67:39–43.
Snowden R, Harrington H, Morrill K, et al. (2014) "A comparison of the anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity of extracts from commonly used medicinal plants" J Altern Complement Med 20(5):375–82.
Soto-Acosta R, Bautista-Carbajal P, Syed GH, et al. (2014) "Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) inhibits replication and viral morphogenesis of dengue virus" Antiviral Res 109:132–40.
Szmurło A (1990) "Local use of leukotriene inhibitor–NDGA in psoriasis" Przegl Dermatol 77(4):269–71 [in Polish].
Tequida-Meneses M, Cortez-Rocha M, Rosas-Burgos EC, et al. (2002) "Effect of alcoholic extracts of wild plants on the inhibition of growth of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium expansum, Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium poae moulds" Rev Iberoam Micol 19(2):84–88.
Tibes R, McDonagh KT, Lekakis L, et al. (2015) "Phase I study of the novel Cdc2/CDK1 and AKT inhibitor terameprocol in patients with advanced leukemias" Invest New Drugs 33(2):389–96.
Timmermann B (1977) "Practical uses of Larrea" In: Mabry T, Hunziker J, Difeo D (eds) Creosote Bush. Biology and Chemistry of Larrea in New World Deserts (Dowden Hutchinson Ross Inc):252–257.
Turner T, Ruiz G, Gerstel J, Langland J (2021) "Characterization of the antibacterial activity from ethanolic extracts of the botanical, Larrea tridentata" BMC Complement Med Ther 21(1):177.
Youngren JF, Gable K, Penaranda C, et al. (2005) "Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) inhibits the IGF-1 and c-erbb2/HER2/neu receptors and suppresses growth in breast cancer cells" Breast Cancer Res Treat 94(1):37–46.